Elements That Make Up The Periodic Table

De Jideon F Marques

Welcome to a captivating journey through the enigmatic world of the periodic table! In this immersive exploration, we embark on an awe-inspiring odyssey delving into the heart of matter and unlocking the secrets of the building blocks that compose our universe. The Periodic Table: Discover Incredible Elements that Make Up Everything! (Science Stories) is an illuminating expedition that uncovers the mesmerizing tales behind each element, from the familiar stalwarts like hydrogen and oxygen to the lesser-known but equally fascinating components that contribute to the tapestry of existence. Through this book, prepare to be enthralled by the narratives of discovery, the struggles of scientific pioneers, and the extraordinary characteristics that define these elements. Whether you re a seasoned chemist, an inquisitive student, or simply a curious soul intrigued by the wonders of the natural world, this volume is your gateway to comprehending the profound significance of the elements in shaping the world around us. Join us as we unravel the intricate web of elements that form the bedrock of our reality, each chapter a testament to the remarkable stories embedded within the periodic table. This book is an ode to the marvels of science and a celebration of the remarkable elements that constitute the very essence of our cosmos. Get ready to embark on an enthralling voyage through the periodic table—where science meets storytelling, and discovery intertwines with wonder.

• Idioma: Português
• Editora: Clube de Autores
• Data de lançamento: 3 de jan. de 2024

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Elements that Make Up the Periodic Table

Elements that Make Up the Periodic Table The book explores the elements of the periodic table and the story of their discovery and how they revolutionized our lives Copyright © 2024 - Jideon Marques

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Landmarks

1. Cover

2. Title Page

3. Table of Contents

4. Introduction

5. Glossary

6. Copyright Page

The Periodic Table

Invented in 1869 by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev, this chart is known as the periodic table. It arranges the 118 known elements into 7 rows (known as periods), 18 columns (known as groups) and several color-coded sets based on their physical and chemical properties.

IT’S ELEMENTARY

An element is a substance made of just one type of atom. Arranging elements on the periodic table has enabled us to better examine their properties, and has greatly improved our understanding of the chemical world.

A teaching tool

Each element is made up of smaller particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons.

It is the different numbers of these particles that give each element its individual

properties. The periodic table lets us see the properties of elements at a glance—

revealing which ones are similar and which are very different. When the table was invented, far fewer elements were known about than today. But one of the main strengths of Mendeleev’s table was that the design was able to predict the properties and behaviors of elements that had not yet been discovered.

Elements everywhere

Many of the elements you see on the table will be familiar to you, while others are just waiting for you to find out about them. Some are vital to life—the oxygen you breathe, the calcium in your bones and teeth, the nitrogen in your DNA. Some make twenty-first-century living more comfortable than ever before—the chlorine that makes your water safe to drink, the silicon that makes computers and phones work, and the lithium that powers their batteries and also the enormous batteries needed for solar and wind farms.

Mix and match

Some elements exist naturally in their pure form—for instance, helium inside birthday balloons, diamonds (a pure form of carbon), the copper wires in your home, and 24-karat-gold rings. Most of the materials you see aren’t pure, even if their name suggests otherwise. Tin cans are a mixture of metals, not just tin. Neon lights often contain other gases to make different colors. Elements can be combined to create different materials.

Combining elements

When elements are combined chemically, they form compounds. The smallest part of a compound is a molecule, which is a group of atoms of different elements bonded together. A compound can be described using chemical symbols. For instance, CO2 is the chemical symbol for carbon dioxide. It means that each molecule is made up of a carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms.

Take A look

Chemical reactions are happening around you all the time, when things rust or tarnish, burn or explode, and even inside your body, when you breathe and digest your food. There is so much to know about elements, compounds, and their uses in the modern world. Read on to find out all about them. The periodic table is a treasure trove just waiting to be explored!

WHAT IS AN ELEMENT?

Elements are the basic ingredients of the Earth, the Sun, and the whole universe.

Everything you see around you, everything you eat and drink, the air you breathe, and the people you know—all of them are made of elements. How something smells and tastes; whether it is slippery, rough, shiny, or rubbery; how well it catches fire or if it glows in the dark—all these qualities are dependent on the elements that make it.

Here on Earth

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. There are 118 different atoms in the universe, but only 92 of those occur naturally. These are mostly solids that are found in ores and minerals in the Earth’s crust. Minerals usually contain a selection of elements—for example, torbernite, a green crystalline rock, is made up of copper, phosphorous, and uranium, with some hydrogen and oxygen in there as well.

Up in the air

The air around us is made up of a mixture of gases. Some are elements and some are molecules or compounds. Approximately 78 percent of the air is nitrogen, 21 percent is oxygen, and 1 percent is argon and other noble gases from group 18. A tiny amount is carbon dioxide and water vapor. Other gases are sent into the atmosphere as pollutants from human activity; these include sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides. Burning fossil fuels releases excess amounts of carbon dioxide up there, too.

From space

The Earth’s core is made of some of the heavier elements in the periodic table—

mostly iron and nickel, with some gold and platinum. But these metals also appear at the surface. Scientists believe that many of our precious metal reserves were brought to Earth on meteorites. Other rare elements are more common in space, and have been found in lunar rock samples. A whole host of elements form when old stars explode at the end of their life (known as supernovae). Many of them are the exact same ingredients that make up your body (see page 21), which means you are made of stars!

ATOM RESHUFFLE

One element may occur in different forms known as allotropes and isotopes. Forms of an element where the atoms are linked together differently are known as allotropes.

These differences can have a drastic effect on the chemical properties and physical appearance of the element. For instance, carbon can appear as the allotropes of soot, diamonds, graphite (used for the insides of pencils), and fullerenes (page 27). Isotopes are forms of the same element that have a slightly different internal atomic structure

(see page 11).

simplest substances

The name element comes from the Latin "elementum, meaning most basic form."

Scientists used to think that atoms were the smallest forms possible. Then they discovered that atoms are made up of even smaller units called subatomic particles—

protons, electrons, and neutrons.

What’s inside?

It took scientists a long time to work out how the subatomic particles protons (which have a positive electric charge), electrons (negative electric charge), and neutrons (no electric charge) fitted together to form atoms. An English physicist named Joseph John Thomson discovered the electron in 1897. He thought an atom was a positively charged sphere of matter with electrons scattered through it like currants in a Christmas pudding.

Thomson’s pudding model of an atom

The planetary atom

New Zealand-born physicist Ernest Rutherford put Thomson’s model to the test. In 1911 he found that an atom has most of its particles concentrated in the middle, or

nucleus. The electrons surround this central core in empty space, like planets orbiting the Sun.