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Brazilian Corporate Law - Paulo Byron Oliveira Soares Neto
Brazilian Corporate Law: general
theory; company and entrepreneur;
brands and patents; societies.
Paulo Byron Oliveira Soares Neto1
paulobyron@bol.com.br
author's notes and thanks
This book aims to provide the reader an
insight, a broad and objective manner with regard to
the Corporate Law, exposing the historicity, general
theory, company business, types of business
companies, trademarks and patents in the light of
doctrine and Brazilian legislation.
1effective teacher of the Government of São Paulo State;
Bachelor and Bachelor of Mathematics from the University
Ibirapuera; Specialist in School Management and Educational
Coordination by Uniasselvi; majoring in Law (UNIP); Majoring
in Production Engineering (UNIVESP); After graduating in
philosophy instruction (UNIFESP); Specialist in Tax Law and
Master in Law and International Business from the
Universidad del Atlantico - Spain.
Thus, in writing this book I meant as
much as possible to facilitate the understanding of
some trainers institutes of business law. Obviously
it is up to the reader, if you wish, to deepen their
knowledge in this field of law.
I thank my sons, Caio and Giovanna for
being extremely sympathetic to this father who loves
you!
"Mental wounds still screaming
Driving me insane
I'm going off the rails on a crazy train "
(Ozzy Osbourne)
4
Introduction
The Corporate Law, for a long scholars
also called Commercial Law. Governed by private law
by the Civil Code and other laws and regulations of
public institutions such as the Central Bank of Brazil
(BCB) and the Board of Trade of each State, in the case
of São Paulo, we have the Commercial Along the State
of São Paulo ( JUCESP).
This time, the main laws that guide the
business law are the Civil Code - Law No. 10.406 /
2002, the Law of Corporations - Law 6,404 / 1976, the
Check Law - Law No. 7,357 / 1985 Property Law
industrial - Law No. 9,279 / 1996 and the Recovery Act
in prey and Bankruptcy - Law No. 11,101 / 2005.
Endemann defines the business law as "the
complex rules governing the legal acts of the
commercial traffic."2
2Endemann, G. Manuale di diritto commerciale, marittimo,
Foreign Exchange. Carlo Betocchi translation ed. Alberto Vighi.
Napoli: Jovene, 1897, v. 1, p. 11, free translation "il complesso di
quelle che norme regolano gli atti giuridici del traffico
commerciale."
5
Cesare Vivante points out another
definition for the right business "part of private law,
which has mainly regular object the legal relationships
that arise from the exercise of the trade."3
Paula Forgioni, on business law, says "the
set of legal rules and principles governing the
organization of firms in the market."4
Through the definitions presented in the
exposed doctrines, we define business law as the
complex rules governing the organization and activity
in order to meet the market needs, and their acts
realized from this activity.
Given the above, it is noteworthy that we
must analyze the evolution of business law in the world
and especially in Brazil, presenting the differences and
company and entrepreneur settings as well, have the
reader on types of societies and their characteristics and
also on aspects relevant regarding trademarks and
patents.
3VIVANTE, Cesare. commercial law institutions. Translation J.
Alves de Sa. 3. ed. São Paulo: Library C. Teixeira, 1928, p. 7.
4Forgioni, Paula A. The evolution of the Brazilian
commercial law: the mercancia the market. São Paulo:
Journal of the Courts, 2009, p. 17.
6
1. Brief history
The oldest civilizations longer engaged in
business activities, with the existence of certain
espartas laws governing the activities, eg, Code of
Manu in India and the Code of Hammurabi in Babylon,
but there was still no specific legal system in order to
systematize with rules and principles of business
activities.
In the Middle Ages with the advent of
increased marketing and appearance of new actors,
merchants
(bourgeoisie),
through
the
Craft
Corporations, there is the emergence of the commercial
code, obviously in embryonic scale, regulating trade
relations by legal rules represented by a classist and
private law.
This time, we can divide the right business
into three distinct periods. The foregoing period, where
the disputes were resolved through the legal rules of the
closed class, but without much formality and
customary basis.
The
second
period,
with
direct
participation of Napoleon Bonaparte, characterized by
economic liberalism and the consolidation of the
7
French Commercial Code of 1808. With this happens
the abolition of corporations and establish the freedom
to work and trade, thus the Law commercial becomes
regular acts of commerce, industry and other economic
activities. It is noteworthy the subjective criterion,
since, conceived to trial of persons not traders, but
exercising commercial nature activities.
In the third period, which takes place in
Italy, takes into account the commercial law is not the
activity itself, but the way this is carried out in an
organized and professional manner, in order to produce
or circulate goods or services . From this point, we have
the activity becomes business therefore covered by
corporate law, ie the Italian Civil Code promotes the
formal unification of private law regulating civil and
business relationships.
1.1.Brief history Business Law in Brazil
The Brazilian Commercial Code, Law No.
556 of June 26, 1850, only disciplined professional
activities of traders, therefore, in his text does not
mention acts of trade.
Due to the absence of commercial acts
arranged in the Commercial Code, this was dependent
8
on regulations, including as regards the procedural
issue. In the same year of enactment of the relevant
code, there are regulations, which showed to be of
paramount importance. The Regulation 737, dated
November 25, 1850, defined the commercial matter for
the procedural relationship, in accordance with Article
19.
business
transactions
have
suffered
hardship
and
doctrinal
disagreements
its
conceptualization. For Vera Helena de Mello Franco
"the Trade Act is the legal act, qualified by the
particular fact substantiate those for the movement of
the movable wealth and as such, conceptually
voluntary and directed effect for the purposes regulated
by commercial law".5
By this statement, denoted the approach to
a business concept, as it does not address trade isolated
acts.
It occurred yet and the definition of
commercial
acts
the
classification
of
being
distinguished in three species: in nature or subjective;
5FRANCO, Vera Helena de Mello. commercial law manual. São
Paulo: Journal of the Courts, 2001, vol. 1, p. 35.
9
by dependency or connection; and by force or authority
of law.
This time, the objective criteria adopted by
the Brazilian Commercial Code, did not meet the
coming needs of commercial acts and its variations.
In criticism of the objective system Oscar
Barreto Filho said: "If it is for the law, ultimately the
dealer definition, or Trade Act, and therefore the trade,
it follows irresistibly so that the Law Mercantil is
before a legislative category, rather than a logical
category. " 6
Informed in the third period of business
law, as already explained, such criticism lead to spread
of Brazilian legislation in the Italian Civil Code
templates 1942, ie subjectivity in the treatment of
relations and trade acts, giving rise to the Brazilian
legal system Consumer Protection code and the Civil
code of 2002.
The Civil Code of 2002, effective on
January 11, 2003, repealing Article 456 of the first part
6BARRETO FILHO, Oscar. The dignity of the mercantile law.
Journal of Banking and Capital Markets, year 2, 6, Sept./Dec.
1999, p. 299.
10
of the Commercial Code that fails to land regular
commercial activities, leaving regulation to the second
part, which is related maritime activities.
The sources of business law are divided
into two groups: primary (laws) and secondary
(customs and general principles of law).
Finally, from the force of the Civil Code
trade ceases to be the only activity governed by the law,
now being the Corporate Law, activities regulator
covering the professional exercise of economic activity
in order to produce or circulate goods or services.
Pursuant to Art. 966 of the respective code:
Considers
an
entrepreneur who professionally in
economic activity organized for the
production or circulation of goods or
services.
Single paragraph. It does not
consider
business
owner
who
exercises intellectual profession,
scientific,
literary
or
artistic
production, even with the help of
assistants or employees, unless the
profession
constitute
business
element.
2. Autonomy of business law
11
The business law is autonomous using the
inductive method, concluding the rule element through
the facts presented, unlike civil law. In addition to a
different
method,
business
law
has
certain
characteristics, such as burden, ease of formation and
extinction of obligations, punctuality, credit protection
and ease of transfer of obligations.
The ease of training, with the protection of
good faith is inherent in the business law, both in
training and extinction of obligations, since the middle
of operation, ie, the market is dynamic and therefore
requires a more rapid process .
As regards the transmission of the bonds,
put this represented through bonds, for example,
securities. Already credit protection is essential to the
exercise of business activity, Thus, it seeks to protect
the person responsible for the granting of credit, so that
it continues to conceive of it, keeping the development
of business activities.
Punctuality is characterized by compliance
with the provision or obligation wake up to the market
equity maintenance. The principle of burden is
12
demonstrated certain monetary cost to judge action
before the Judiciary.
This time, we can conclude that corporate
law is the right of the company, ie the exercise of
organized economic activity. Having as a disciplinary
objective market the right business follows certain
principles, as follows: free initiative, free competition,
private property preservation company, freedom of
choice and value of human labor. These principles are
based on the Federal Constitution.
According to the teachings of Fabio Ulhoa
Rabbit:
The
principles
of
commercial law are classified as
follows: constitutional or legal (as
are
housed
in
the
Federal
Constitution
or
statutory
law),
general or special (if they are
applicable to all the legal branch or
only one of its consequences) and
explicit or implicit (if expressly
provided for in rule of positive law or
result from this).7
3. Business and Entrepreneur
7RABBIT, Fabio Ulhoa. Commercial Law Course - company law.
16ªed. V.1. São Paulo: Saraiva: 2012. p.76.
13
Company and Entrepreneur, daily concepts
are confused, but on the legal definition is very
different.
3.1.Company
The company derives from a stemmed
definition of the economy and accepted in the legal
sphere. Now, therefore, is defined by the process
activity to articulate the factors of production, ie,
capital, labor, raw material and technology.
Turn (E. Bueno and FJ Valero, 1985)
address the theory of the firm as an organization.
"Business concept as an open technical partner system,
composed of various aspects in order to achieve
efficiency
and
competitiveness
with
the
environment."8
According to Fabio Nusdeo the "company
is the production unit whose task is to combine
production factors in order